Risikokapitalbasierte Steuerung in der Schaden- und Unfallversicherung

Die ökonomischen Rahmenbedingungen und die Risikolandschaft europäischer Versicherungsunternehmen sind angesichts struktureller Veränderungen einem tiefgreifenden Wandel unterworfen. Ansteigende Schadendurchschnitte, eine zunehmende Belastung durch Naturschadenereignisse, volatile Kapitalmärkte, ruinöse Preiskämpfe in einzelnen Versicherungssparten und nicht zuletzt ambitionierte Renditevorgaben der Anteilseigner lassen die Notwendigkeit einer wertorientierten Unternehmenssteuerung in den Mittelpunkt des Interesses rücken. Diese Untersuchung erschließt die Thematik einer integrierten Rendite-Risikosteuerung von Schaden- und Unfallversicherungsunternehmen sowohl aus theoretischer als auch versicherungspraktischer Perspektive. Es wird ein differenzierter Vorschlag zur Ausgestaltung eines risikokapitalbasierten (stochastischen) Steuerungsmodells entwickelt, welches sowohl die ökonomische Risikosicht als auch die bilanzielle Sicht auf ein Versicherungsunternehmen adäquat abbildet. Die Untersuchung erlangt insbesondere durch die exemplarische Anwendung des Modells auf den Datensatz eines deutschen Erstversicherungsunternehmens eine hohe praktisch-normative Relevanz

Risikokapitalbasierte Steuerung in der Schaden- und Unfallversicherung

Die ökonomischen Rahmenbedingungen und die Risikolandschaft europäischer Versicherungsunternehmen sind angesichts struktureller Veränderungen einem tiefgreifenden Wandel unterworfen. Ansteigende Schadendurchschnitte, eine zunehmende Belastung durch Naturschadenereignisse, volatile Kapitalmärkte, ruinöse Preiskämpfe in einzelnen Versicherungssparten und nicht zuletzt ambitionierte Renditevorgaben der Anteilseigner lassen die Notwendigkeit einer wertorientierten Unternehmenssteuerung in den Mittelpunkt des Interesses rücken. Diese Untersuchung erschließt die Thematik einer integrierten Rendite-Risikosteuerung von Schaden- und Unfallversicherungsunternehmen sowohl aus theoretischer als auch versicherungspraktischer Perspektive. Es wird ein differenzierter Vorschlag zur Ausgestaltung eines risikokapitalbasierten (stochastischen) Steuerungsmodells entwickelt, welches sowohl die ökonomische Risikosicht als auch die bilanzielle Sicht auf ein Versicherungsunternehmen adäquat abbildet. Die Untersuchung erlangt insbesondere durch die exemplarische Anwendung des Modells auf den Datensatz eines deutschen Erstversicherungsunternehmens eine hohe praktisch-normative Relevanz

Process Gas Infiltration in Inconel 718 Samples during SLM Processing

Argon infiltration is a well-known problem of hot isostatic pressed components. Thus, the argon content is one quality attribute which is measured after a hot isostatic pressing (HIP) process. Since the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) process takes place under an inert argon atmosphere; it is imaginable that argon is entrapped in the component after SLM processing. Despite using optimized process parameters, defects like pores and shrink holes cannot be completely avoided. Especially, pores could be filled with process gas during the building process. Argon filled pores would clearly affect the mechanical properties. The present paper takes a closer look at the porosity in Inconel 718 samples, which were generated by means of SLM. Furthermore, the argon content of the powder feedstock, of samples made by means of SLM, of samples which were hot isostatic pressed after the SLM process, and of conventionally manufactured samples were measured and compared. The results showed an increased argon content in the Inconel 718 samples after SLM processing compared to conventional manufactured samples

Heat Treatments of Metastable β Titanium Alloy Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Titanium alloys, especially β alloys, are favorable as implant materials due to their promising combination of low Young’s modulus, high strength, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. In particular, the low Young’s moduli reduce the risk of stress shielding and implant loosening. The processing of Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn through laser powder bed fusion is presented. The specimens were heat-treated, and the microstructure was investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The mechanical properties were determined by hardness and tensile tests. The microstructures reveal a mainly β microstructure with α″ formation for high cooling rates and α precipitates after moderate cooling rates or aging. The as-built and α″ phase containing conditions exhibit a hardness around 225 HV5, yield strengths (YS) from 340 to 490 MPa, ultimate tensile strengths (UTS) around 706 MPa, fracture elongations around 20%, and Young’s moduli about 50 GPa. The α precipitates containing conditions reveal a hardness around 297 HV5, YS around 812 MPa, UTS from 871 to 931 MPa, fracture elongations around 12%, and Young’s moduli about 75 GPa. Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn exhibits, depending on the heat treatment, promising properties regarding the material behavior and the opportunity to tailor the mechanical performance as a low modulus, high strength implant material

Low Cycle Fatigue Performance of Additively Processed and Heat-Treated Ti-6Al-7Nb Alloy for Biomedical Applications

In biomedical engineering, laser powder bed fusion is an advanced manufacturing technology, which enables, for example, the production of patient-customized implants with complex geometries. Ti-6Al-7Nb shows promising improvements, especially regarding biocompatibility, compared with other titanium alloys. The biocompatible features are investigated employing cytocompatibility and antibacterial examinations on Al2O3-blasted and untreated surfaces. The mechanical properties of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-7Nb are evaluated in as-built and heat-treated conditions. Recrystallization annealing (925 °C for 4 h), β annealing (1050 °C for 2 h), as well as stress relieving (600 °C for 4 h) are applied. For microstructural investigation, scanning and transmission electron microscopy are performed. The different microstructures and the mechanical properties are compared. Mechanical behavior is determined based on quasi-static tensile tests and strain-controlled low cycle fatigue tests with total strain amplitudes εA of 0.35%, 0.5%, and 0.8%. The as-built and stress-relieved conditions meet the mechanical demands for the tensile properties of the international standard ISO 5832-11. Based on the Coffin–Manson–Basquin relation, fatigue strength and ductility coefficients, as well as exponents, are determined to examine fatigue life for the different conditions. The stress-relieved condition exhibits, overall, the best properties regarding monotonic tensile and cyclic fatigue behavior

Low Cycle Fatigue Performance of Additively Processed and Heat-Treated Ti-6Al-7Nb Alloy for Biomedical Applications

In biomedical engineering, laser powder bed fusion is an advanced manufacturing technology, which enables, for example, the production of patient-customized implants with complex geometries. Ti-6Al-7Nb shows promising improvements, especially regarding biocompatibility, compared with other titanium alloys. The biocompatible features are investigated employing cytocompatibility and antibacterial examinations on Al2O3-blasted and untreated surfaces. The mechanical properties of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-7Nb are evaluated in as-built and heat-treated conditions. Recrystallization annealing (925 °C for 4 h), β annealing (1050 °C for 2 h), as well as stress relieving (600 °C for 4 h) are applied. For microstructural investigation, scanning and transmission electron microscopy are performed. The different microstructures and the mechanical properties are compared. Mechanical behavior is determined based on quasi-static tensile tests and strain-controlled low cycle fatigue tests with total strain amplitudes εA of 0.35%, 0.5%, and 0.8%. The as-built and stress-relieved conditions meet the mechanical demands for the tensile properties of the international standard ISO 5832-11. Based on the Coffin–Manson–Basquin relation, fatigue strength and ductility coefficients, as well as exponents, are determined to examine fatigue life for the different conditions. The stress-relieved condition exhibits, overall, the best properties regarding monotonic tensile and cyclic fatigue behavior